About 15–20% of all cases of breast cancer are triple-negative (TNBC), an aggressive and uncommon type of the disease. Although TNBC’s symptoms may resemble those of other breast cancers, it is distinguished by its own features and the scarcity of available treatments.
A Comprehensive Overview of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)
TNBC differs from other breast cancers in that the cancer cells do not have progesterone or estrogen receptors. Furthermore, they do not overexpress the HER2 protein, which is a characteristic of many other forms of breast cancer. The “triple-negative” nature of TNBC is defined by the lack of HER2 protein and hormone receptors, which has a substantial impact on the therapeutic strategy.
Symptoms of TNBC
Similar to other types of breast cancer, TNBC symptoms include:
- a recent breast mass or lump
- alterations to the breast’s size, form, or texture (such as pitting or swelling)
- changes to the texture of the skin (such as rash, puckering, dimpling, or a “orange peel” texture)
- Skin color variations, like redness or discoloration
- Breast milk-like discharge from the breasts
- A change in one or both nipples’ texture or look
- Something unusual for you is nipple retraction, or the nipple turning inward.
- warmth, itching, or irritation in the breasts
- enlarged lymph nodes near the collarbone or under the armpit
TNBC causes
Although the precise cause of TNBC is still unknown, BRCA1 gene mutations are thought to play a significant role. By controlling cell growth, BRCA1 acts as a tumor-suppressor gene. Inherited mutations in BRCA1 dramatically raise the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers, among other cancers. In order to completely comprehend the complexities of TNBC, more research is required.
Identification of TNBC
It is critical to identify TNBC early. It is critical to speak with a healthcare provider if you notice any abrupt changes in your breasts or develop any new symptoms. Your medical history will be examined, and your breasts will be physically examined to look for lumps, discolored skin, changes in texture, or other signs of breast cancer. Among the diagnostic tests that could be performed are:
- An ultrasound or mammogram
- a biopsy of any odd lumps or masses that is examined for the presence of progesterone, estrogen, and HER2 protein receptors
- genetic testing, particularly in cases where breast cancer runs in the family (e.g., BRCA gene mutation)
TNBC’s Aggression and Spread
Treatment becomes more difficult with TNBC because of its aggressive nature and increased propensity to metastasize, or spread, throughout the body. Intervention and early detection are essential. According to a 2016 study, TNBC tumors grew by 1% daily between diagnosis and surgery, while HER2-positive breast cancer tumors grew by 0.859% daily.
TNBC Risk Factors
Although TNBC can impact anyone, the following groups are more vulnerable:
- Hispanic or Black females
- People with a family history of TNBC and/or a BRCA1 mutation
- younger ladies (those under 40)
Options for TNBC Treatment
TNBC’s lack of hormone receptors makes treatment a special challenge. As a result, HER2-targeted therapies and conventional hormone therapies are not working. However, there are a number of available treatment options:
Chemotherapy
For TNBC, chemotherapy is still the most used treatment. The location, size, stage, grade, and overall health and preferences of the patient all influence the type of chemotherapy that is prescribed.
Surgery
Surgery may be an option for patients with early stage TNBC. This can include breast-conserving surgery, which removes only a portion of the breast tissue (lumpectomy or partial mastectomy), as well as mastectomy, which removes the entire breast.
Neoadjuvant Therapy
In some cases, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used to shrink the tumor prior to surgical removal, followed by additional chemotherapy after surgery to prevent recurrence. The FDA has approved Keytruda, an immunotherapy drug, for the treatment of early-stage and advanced TNBC in conjunction with chemotherapy.
Radiation
Radiation therapy may be recommended based on the type of surgery and tumor characteristics.
Advanced Treatments
If TNBC has metastasized, additional treatments such as antibody-drug conjugates, platinum chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapies such as PARP inhibitors may be used.
FAQs about TNBC
Where does TNBC metastasis occur?
TNBC metastasis usually occurs in the brain, bones, liver, and lungs.
Can TNBC be cured?
While TNBC can be treated, a complete cure is difficult to achieve due to its high recurrence rate.
What is the survival rate for TNBC?
According to a 2022 study, the 5-year overall survival rate for TNBC (all stages) is 81 percent.
Conclusion
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer that accounts for approximately 15-20% of all breast cancer cases. It is distinguished by a lack of progesterone, estrogen receptors, and HER2 proteins. Symptoms similar to other breast cancers include lumps, skin changes, nipple discharge, and breast pain. Despite its aggressive nature, TNBC can be managed with chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and other targeted therapies. Early detection is critical for the best possible results. If you have any symptoms or a family history of TNBC, contact a healthcare professional right away.